FIRST SAMUEL
This book contains the personal history of Samuel who was the last of the
judges. It also records the moral failure of the priesthood under Eli. In
Samuel’s prophetic office, we have the beginning of the line of the writing
prophets, and from that time the prophet and not the priest is conspicuous in
Israel. In the first book of Samuel, Israel as a theocracy ends, and the line of
earthly kings begins with Saul.
The book has four main divisions:
1. Chs. 1 to 4. The story of Samuel to the death of Eli.
2. Chs. 5 to 8. From the capture of the Ark to the demand for a king.
3. Chs. 9 to 15. The reign of Saul to the call of David.
4. Chs. 16 to 31. From the call of David to the death of Saul.
THE STORY OF SAMUEL TO THE DEATH OF ELI.
The name of Samuel means “asked of God.” His mother prayed for a son and when
Eli the priest told her to go in peace and that her petition was granted, she
dried her tears and believed God. In due time, Samuel was born. After he was
weaned his mother brought him to Eli to be trained for service in the
tabernacle, Ch. 1:27-28.
Eli, the priest, had two sons, Hophni and Phineas, who labored with him in the
priesthood, but were wicked men. Their father chided them but allowed them to
continue in office. A prophet was sent to Eli who told him that his two sons
would die in one day, and that the house of Eli would be removed from the
priesthood, Ch. 2:34-36.
The boy Samuel grew and was noted for his faithfulness to God. One night God
called to him. When finally Samuel understood enough to respond, he received a
message of judgment for Eli, Ch. 3:11-14. An outstanding testimony to Samuel is
found in v.19. “The Lord was with him, and did let none of his words fall to the
ground.” In course of time, the Philistines warred against Israel and prevailed
over them. Thinking that the presence of the Ark would turn the tide of battle
in favor of Israel, the people sent for it. Contrary to their expectation the
Ark was captured by the Philistines and the priests Hophni and Phineas were
slain. The lesson it teaches us is that God’s presence abides only when His
people remain separated from the world. The news of the capture of the Ark was a
great shock to Eli, who being of great age, fell backward and died of a broken
neck, Ch.4: 17-18.
FROM THE CAPTURE OF THE ARK TO THE DEMAND FOR A KING.
In Ch. 5, we read of the havoc wrought among the Philistines through their
capture of the Ark. Their god, Dagon, was thrown to the ground and its head and
hands cut off, Ch. 5:4. Sickness broke out among the people in different places
and many died. The Ark was sent back to the land of Israel. So terrible was its
power against sin, that when the men of Beth-shemesh looked into the Ark, the
Lord slew over 50,000 of them, Ch. 6:19-20. The men of Kirjath-jearim sent for
the Ark and it was placed in the house of Abinadab, Ch.7: 1-2. For a full twenty
years it remained there. The people of Israel lamented after the Lord. Samuel
exhorted them to put away their idols and then prayed for them. God heard, and
while the Philistines warred against them, Samuel prevailed in prayer, and the
Philistines were defeated and troubled Israel no more during the days of Samuel,
v.13. After this the people of Israel rejected the sons of Samuel as judges and
asked for a king that they might be like the nations around them, Ch. 8:5-6.
Samuel in grief of heart, took the matter to the Lord who told him that the
people had not rejected him, but that in reality they had rejected their people
had not rejected him, but that in reality they had rejected their Divine Ruler,
v.7. Samuel warned the people that an earthly king would take away their
liberty, but they held to their request just the same.
THE REIGN OF SAUL TO THE CALL OF DAVID.
In the next seven chapters, we read of the anointing of Saul, the son of Kish to
be king. He was a man who just suited the fancy of the people as far as outward
appearance was concerned. God gave them a man after their own hearts, Ch. 9:2,
16, but endowed him with good spiritual equipment so that he would be enabled to
make the right beginning, Ch.10:6-7. Being naturally of a retiring nature, Saul
hid himself when the time of his coronation arrived. He was brought forth and
when the people saw him they shouted, “God save the king.” After this, Saul
overthrew the Ammonites who besieged the city of Jabesh-gilead. Samuel rehearsed
before Israel some of the deliverances God had wrought for them, and exhorted
them to fear the Lord and serve Him or both they and their king would be
overthrown, Ch. 12:24-25.
In Ch. 13 we get a glimpse of the instability of Saul. After one year he raised
an army to fight the Philistines. Because Samuel delayed coming at a certain
time, Saul took it upon himself to offer a sacrifice, vs.8-10. This was contrary
to divine orders, and because of his failure to respect the Word of God, Samuel
told Saul that his kingdom should not continue, v.14. Jonathan, Saul’s son, with
his armor bearer attacked the garrison of the Philistines, and it led to a great
defeat of the enemy by all Israel, Ch.14. In Ch. 15, we read of Saul’s
incomplete obedience in not destroying all the Amalekites. Because of this
Samuel told Saul he was rejected from being king, and that God would appoint a
better man in his stead, v.28.
FROM THE CALL OF DAVID TO THE DEATH OF SAUL.
Samuel was sent secretly to the house of Jesse to anoint one of his sons to be
king. While a number of fine looking young men passed before him God withheld
His approval. The boy David was then called, and chosen, anointed, Ch.16:14.
From that time forward the Spirit of the Lord departed from Saul. David, because
of his musical ability, was appointed to play his harp in Saul’s presence that
he might be quieted, for an evil spirit would periodically trouble him. In Ch.
17, we read how David by the help of God slew the giant Goliath. Little by
little the future king was growing in favor with the people. A love covenant was
formed between David and Jonathan, Ch. 18:1&3. David was retained in the court
of Saul, and in battle his victories were so marked that the people ascribed
more glory to him than they did to Saul, v.7. This naturally annoyed Saul and he
wherein he tried a number of times to kill David, see Chs. 19-21and launched a
series of persecutions. On one occasion the Spirit of God protected David by
causing the spirit of prophecy to come upon Saul himself, so that they were
powerless to harm David, Ch. 19:18-24. Jonathan also, who saw clearly that David
was God’s chosen one, shielded him from the wrath of his father. After that
David went from place to place to escape the madness of the king.
Beginning with Ch.22, we read how David took his abode in the Cave of Adullam,
where were gathered unto him a band of about six hundred men who were generally
distressed, Ch. 22:2 & 23:13. With this band of men David would carry on a
small-scale warfare against the Philistines, etc. Saul continued his persecution
but David refrained from retaliating. On two occasions Saul was in his power,
but David knew that God would in His own time and way give him the kingdom. In
Ch. 25:1, a brief mention is made of the death of Samuel. Saul’s days were
surely numbered.
In Ch. 26, we read how he was quite forsaken of God and in desperation when
warring with the Philistines he appealed for light to the witch of Endor. God
miraculously caused the spirit of Samuel to appear and through him Saul heard of
his doom. A short time later the Philistines utterly defeated the army of the
Israelites, slew the sons of Saul, and Saul in despair killed himself, Ch.
31:1-5. Thus ended the life of a man who could have done well but he failed to
walk with God.